Francis Parkman starts on the Oregon Trail and heads west. The Oregon Trail is a legendary large-wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail that ran 2,170 miles from the Missouri River across the country to the green valleys in Oregon. The eastern part of the Oregon Trail crossed the future state of Kansas, and nearly all of what is now the states of Nebraska and Wyoming. The western half of the trail spanned most of what is now the states of Idaho and Oregon.
The Oregon Trail was a route that was created by the fur trappers and traders who traveled from about 1811 to 1840, and as such it was only passable on foot or by horseback. By 1836 however, when the first migrant wagon train left from Independence, Missouri, a wagon trail had been cleared to Fort Hall, Idaho. Additional wagon trails were added as explorers and westward moving pioneers mad e their way west, and eventually the ended in the Willamette Valley in Oregon. The main route that was used came to be known as the Oregon Trail was complete. The trip gradually made faster and safer as various bridges, cutoffs, ferries, and roads were constructed. Every state along the Mississippi had their own starting points, but they all joined together into one route along the lower Platte River Valley near Fort Kearny, Nebraska Territory and led to rich farmlands west of the Rocky Mountains.
During the years 1830 to 1869, about 400,000 settlers, farmers, miners, ranchers, and businessmen and their families walked and rode the Oregon Trail on their way west to Oregon in search of a better life. As the first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, the walking trail became less necessary and fell into disuse. Today, Interstate 80 and Interstate 84 follow parts of the same course westward and pass through towns originally established to serve those using the Oregon Trail. Wagon ruts can still be seen as a reminder of their history.
Francis Parkman Jr., author and agriculturist, he promoted the Oregon Trail
As an American historian, Parkman is best known as author of The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life and monumental seven-volume France and England in North America. These works are still valued as historical sources and as literature. He was also a lead-ing horticulturist, briefly a professor of Horticulture at Harvard University and author of several books on the topic.
In 1846, Parkman traveled west on a hunting expedition, where he spent a number of weeks living with the Sioux tribe during their intro-duction to the perils of contact with the ‘white eyes’. Which included such dangers as epidemic disease and alcoholism – often intentionally inflicted. This exposure to their struggles influenced Parkman to view Native Americans with a much more critical eye which was reflected in his writing about them. Parkman believed that progress required the conquest and displacement of American Indians, what he called a triumph of “civilization” over “savagery”, He was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1855.
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Arizona authorities try to extradite a man named John Henry from Denver to question him about a shooting he took part in just eight months ago. The shooting happened just before the end of October, and it was the culmination of a long standing feud between the town marshal, Walter, and his two brothers, Stapp and Seth, both serving as special policemen. The man Arizona authorities wanted to question was the fourth member of this group. On the other side of the feud was Johnny Behan, the sheriff of Chochise County, who was a good
Johnny Behan, Sheriff of Cochise County, the outlaw’s best friend
friend to, and in the pocket of shady ranchers (and local outlaws) Ike Clanton and Billy Clanton, Billy Claiborne, Frank and Tom McLaury, and all of these men had a long history of criminal activities ranging from rustling, robbery and murder.
Isaac “Ike” Clanton, outlaw, “Cowboy” and alcoholic, braggart and coward
There were some who thought John had even instigated the fight by his arrogance and challenging words before the fight. John did have a long standing history of alcoholism, gambling and violence. He was known to be a very difficult man to get along with when he was sober, and even harder to get along with when he was drinking, which was most of the time.
Because John’s friend didn’t want him getting into any more trouble, John’s friend Stapp called on his friend, William, who was currently serving as chief of police in Trinidad, Colorado, for help. William quickly filed bunco charges against John, which put a hold on Arizona’s efforts to take him back. With an extradition hearing set for May 30, William reached out for help in getting an appoint-ment with Colorado Governor Frederick Walker Pitkin. He contacted E.D. Cowen, capital reporter for the Denver Tribune, who held consider- able political power in Trinidad. Cowen was to write some time later, “He submitted proof of the criminal design upon John’s life. Late as the hour was, I called on Pitkin.” His legal reasoning was that the extradition papers contained faulty legal language, and that there was already a Colorado warrant out for him, including the bunco charge that William had creatively manufactured on demand. Pitkin was persuaded by the evidence presented by William and refused to honor Arizona’s extradition request.
William took John to Pueblo, where he was subsequently released on bond two weeks after his arrest. John and Stapp met briefly during June 1882 for what would be the last time, in Gunnison shortly after John’s release.
Today sees the beginning of a historic adventure that will change course of the history of a fledgling country. This adventure will last two years, four months and ten days. The two men who will lead the expedition are handpicked by the President Thomas Jefferson. The idea for
Thomas Jefferson, 2nd US President
this trip came to him in 1803, after he had concluded a major land deal known as the Louisiana Purchase. He decided he wanted to know just what he had bought for his money so he had asked for some volunteers to check it out for him. Their long and arduous trip lasted from May 1804 to September 1806. Their main goal was to explore and the area and make maps showing what they found, so others could follow their trail west across the continent and plant their flag, so to speak, in case other countries decided to claim it. These two men had volunteered to do the job, and they took a few others with them. But these two men, and their followers, had a second goal that was actually just as important as the first. They were to document all the area’s plants, animal life, and geography, and also to establish a trading relationship with the local Native American tribes.
In the winter of 1804–05, the party built Fort Mandan, near the present-day city of Washburn, North Dakota. As a safety precaution, before they moved on, in order to protect what they had achieved so far, the expedition sent the keelboat back to Saint Louis with a sample of specimens on 7 April 1805, some of which never seen before anywhere east of the Mississippi. The Americans quickly continued westward (upriver), and camped for the winter in the Mandan nation’s territory. Here they met a French-Canadian fur trapper named Toussaint Charbonneau, and his young Shoshone wife Sacagawea. Her place in American history is probably more established than his. Charbonneau at this time began to serve as the expedition’s translator. Peace was established between the expedition and the Mandan chiefs with the sharing of a Mandan ceremonial pipe.
The Corps of Discovery, as this expedition was known, eventually met their objective of reaching the Pacific, mapping and establishing their presence for a legal claim to the land. They also established trade relations with at least two dozen nation of the various Indian cultures. Although they didn’t find a continuous waterway to the Pacific Ocean, they did manage to locate trail used by the Indians to travel from the upper end of the Missouri River to the Columbia River which ran to the Pacific Ocean. They also gained valuable and previously unknown information about the natural habitat, the animals and the various plants and grasses, bringing back a multitude of seed, plant, and mineral specimens. They mapped the landscape, showing the location of rivers, streams and mountains, and of course, the various Indian tribes and their territories as they passed through the previously unexplored land. They also learned and recorded much about the language and customs of the American Indian tribes they encountered, and brought back many of their artifacts, including bows, clothing and ceremonial robes. They were therefore, in essence, the first souvenir collectors in America. The expedition helped establish the U.S. presence in the newly acquired territory and beyond and opened the door to further exploration, trade and scientific discoveries. Who were these two intrepid explorer? Why, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, of course.
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, head of the Corps of Discovery
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Today is the day that Henry McCarty was to have been hanged. Judge Warren Bristol had passed the death sentence sentence for the murder of the County Sheriff. This was the result of a long standing war between the powerful ring. led by Lawrence G. Murphy, that
controlled the local ranching empires, and the lone resistor, a transplant businessman from England, by the name of John Tunstall. As a
John Tunstall, rancher and businessman
result of his murder, Sheriff Brady was gunned down by Henry in the street a short time later. This led to killings on both sides of the battle, and eventually resulted in Tunstall’s attorney, Alexander McSween, also being killed while his home was being burned down around his head.
Alexander McSween (circa 1875) lawyer for John Tunstall, victim of Lincoln County War in 1881
McSween’s wife was allowed to leave, but McSween was gunned down while trying to surrender. He was unarmed. Henry and several of his friends (Henry Brown, Jim French, Josiah “Doc” Scurlock, Tom O’Folliard, Jose Chavez y Chavez, George Coe, and a dozen Mexican vaqueros) were in the house at the time, and one of them, Charlie Bowdrie, was killed as well in the fight. The fight was known as the Lincoln
Charlie Bowdrie, pal and friend to Billy the Kid, died while defending Alexander McSween
County war, the Sheriff was William Brady, and Henry McCarty was also known as William Bonney, or Billy the Kid.
Henry H. Antrim. also known as William H. Bonney, or even more well known as Billy the Kid
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Legendary mountain man, Jim Felix Bridger, becomes the first white to lay eyes on the Great Salt Lake in Utah Territory. But when he goes back to his fellow mountain men, he tells them he has been all the way to the west coast because he thought it was a straight channel to the ocean.
Jim Felix Bridger, a legendary Mountain Man, explorer, trapper, trader and peacemaker.
Jim was of English ancestry, and his family had been living in North America since the early colonial period. He would come to know many of the major American explorers of the early west, including Kit Carson, George Armstrong Custer, Hugh Glass (a recent movie, “The Revenant”
Gen. George Armstrong Custer, hero in the Civil War and failure in the Indian Wars
Jim Bridger was one of the most famous and successful of the mountain men, trappers, scouts and guides who explored and trapped throughout the western United States during the time of the mountain man and discovery of the fullness of the land west of the Mississippi between 1820–1850. Jim also served as an interpreter and peacemaker between the native tribes and the encroaching whites. It was often said by many that no one knew as much or had covered as many miles as Jim.
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On this day in 1846, President James K. Polk sends a war message to Congress, charging that “Mexico has invaded our territory and shed American blood on American soil”. He is asking that the United States go to war against Mexico. At stake was President Polk’s vision of what became known as “Manifest Destiny”. Essentially this meant that the US was destined to take Mexico’s land in order to expand from “sea to shining sea”. This war would put a politically divided and militarily unprepared Mexico up against the expansionist-minded administration of U.S. President James K. Polk. It started with a border skirmish along the Rio Grande and eventually ended with Mexico losing about one-third of its territory, including nearly all of present-day California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico.
Texas had gained its independence from Mexico in 1836. Initially, the United States declined to incorporate it into the union, largely because northern political interests were against the addition of a new slave state. The Mexican government was also encouraging border raids and warning that any attempt at annexation would lead to war. In 1844 James K. Polk, the newly-elected president, campaigned that Texas
President James K. Polk, Defender of “Manifest Destiny” and instigator of the Mexican-American War
should be “re-annexed” and the Oregon Territory should be “re-occupied,” and he quickly initiated annexation procedures. He also had his eyes on California, New Mexico and the rest of what is today the U.S. Southwest. He tried to buy the land in question, but Mexico refused to sell. Polk decided to just take the land he wanted, and he instigated a fight by moving troops into a disputed zone between the Rio Grande and Nueces River that both countries had previously recognized as part of the Mexican state of Coahuila. This would become the model for US expansion into land held by Native Americans for the next hundred years.
Not everyone was in favor of this military expansion at the expense of another country. A brand new Whig congressman from Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, had contested the causes for the war and demanded to know exactly where Americans had been attacked and American blood had been shed. “Show me the spot”, he demanded.
Abraham Lincoln, 16th US President
Ex-slave Frederick Douglass opposed the war and was dismayed by the weakness of the anti-war movement. “The determination of our slave holding president, and the probability of his success in wringing from the people, men and money to carry it on, is made evident by the puny opposition arrayed against him. None seem willing to take their stand for peace at all risks.”
Frederick Douglass, born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey. He was born a slave, but became an Abolitionist, Suffragist, Author, Editor, and Diplomat
Most of the opposition came from the Northern politicians and abolitionists, who saw this war as a very thinly veiled attempt to expand slavery. They lost, we went to war, and our country’s borders moved farther west.
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William Clarke Quantrill is given the wound that will eventually (June 6) kill him in a barn by soldiers in Bloomfield, Kentucky.
William Clarke Quantrill, Confederate guerrilla, responsible for the Lawrence, Kansas massacre
Although it may be hard to believe, given how history remembers him, Quantrill was actually well-educated and even followed in his father’s footsteps, as he become a schoolteacher at the age of six-teen. In 1854, his abusive father died of tuberculosis, leaving the family with a huge financial debt. Quantrill’s mother had to turn her home into a boarding house in order to survive. Quantrill helped support the family by working as a schoolteacher but left home a year later and headed to Mendota, Illinois, where he took a job in the lumberyards, unloading timber from rail cars. One night while working the late shift, he killed a man. He was arrested, but as he claimed self-defense and there were no eyewitnesses and the victim was a stranger in town, William was set free. Despite being cleared, or at least not found guilty, police strongly urged him to leave Mendota. Quantrill continued his career as a teacher, moving to Fort Wayne, Indiana in February 1856. Even though the district was impressed with Quantrill’s teaching abilities, the wages remained meager and he journeyed back home to Canal Dover that fall, with no more money in his pockets than when he had left.
In 1861, William joined a group of brigands who roamed Missouri and Kansas, kidnapping runaway slaves in exchange for reward money. There he met Joel B. Mayes, a Confederate sympathizer and war chief of the Cherokee Nations, in Texas and he joined the Cherokee Nations. This association re-inforced his pro-slavery views, and his group became Confederate ‘bushwhackers’, feared for their guerrilla tactics, which used effective Native American field skills.
Missouri rebel, and outlaw, the one and only Jesse Woodson James
They included Jesse James and his brother, Frank. It was Mayes who taught Quantrill guerrilla warfare tactics. He would learn the ambush fighting tactics used by the Native Americans as well as sneak attacks and camouflage.
Frank James, outlaw, and older brother to Jesse
Quantrill, in the company of Mayes and the Cherokee Nations, had originally joined up with General Sterling Price and fought at the Battle of Wilson’s Creek and Lexington in August and September 1861, but he deserted General Price’s army and went to Blue Springs, Missouri to
Confederate General Sterling Price
form his own “Army” of loyal men who believed in him and the Confederate cause. By Christmas of 1861, he had ten men who would follow him full-time into his pro-Confederate guerrilla organization. These men were: William Haller, George Todd, Joseph Gilcrist, Perry Hoy, John Little, James Little, Joseph Baughan, William H. Gregg, James A. Hendricks, and John W. Koger. Later in 1862, John Jarrett, John Brown (not the abolitionist), Cole Younger, as well as William T. “Bloody Bill” Anderson and the James brothers joined Quantrill’s army.
Coleman Younger, after the epically disastrous Northfield, Minnesota raid.
The most significant event in Quantrill’s guerrilla career took place on August 21, 1863. Lawrence was the home of James H. Lane, a senator infamous in Missouri for his staunch anti-slavery views and also a leader of the Jayhawkers (actually, just outlaws masquerading as Union soldiers). For years, Lawrence had been seen as the heart of anti-slavery forces in Kansas and as a base of operation for incursions into Missouri by Jayhawkers and pro-Union forces. Just a few weeks prior to the raid, Union General Thomas Ewing, Jr. (who is a foster brother
General Thomas Ewing Jr,, foster brother to General William Tecumseh Sherman
to Union General William Tecumseh Sherman) had ordered the detention of any civilians giving aid to Quantrill’s Raiders. Several female relatives of the guerrillas had been imprisoned in a makeshift jail in Kansas City, Missouri. On August 14, the building collapsed, killing four young women and seriously injuring others. Among the casualties was Josephine Anderson, sister of one of Quantrill’s key guerrilla allies, “Bloody Bill” Anderson. Another of Anderson’s sisters, Mary, was permanently crippled in the collapse. Quantrill’s men believed the collapse was deliberate, and the event fanned them into a fury.
William “Bloody Bill” Anderson, the worst Confederate guerrilla of the war
Early on the morning of August 21, 1863, William rode down on Lawrence, Kansas at the head of a combined force of as many as 450 guerrillas. Senator Lane, who was a prime target of the raid, had managed to escape through a cornfield in his nightshirt, but the guerrillas, on Quantrill’s orders, killed 183 men and boys “old enough to carry a rifle”. Quantrill, known to be armed with several French pinfire revolvers, his weapon of choice, carried out several of the killings personally, dragging many from their homes to execute them before their families. The ages of those killed ranged from as young as 14 all the way up to 90. When Quantrill’s men rode out at 9 a.m., most of Lawrence’s buildings were burning, including all but two businesses.
On August 25, 1863, General Ewing authorized General Order No. 11 (not to be confused with General Ulysses S. Grant’s order of the same name) in retaliation for the raid. The Order called for the depopulation of three and a half Missouri counties along the Kansas border (with the exception of a few designated towns), forcing tens of thousands of civilians to abandon their homes. Union troops marched through behind them, burning buildings, torching planted fields and shooting down livestock to deprive the guerrillas of food, fodder, and support. The area was so thoroughly devastated that it became known thereafter as the “Burnt District”. Quantrill and his men rode south to Texas, where they passed the winter with the Confederate forces.
Almost two years later, on May 10, Quantrill and his band were caught in a Union ambush at Wakefield Farm. Unable to escape on account of a skittish horse, he was shot in the back and paralyzed from the chest down. He was brought by wagon to Louisville, Kentucky and taken to the military prison hospital, located on the north side of Broadway at 10th Street. He died from his wounds on June 6, 1865, at the age of 27.
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Today in 1800, the man credited with providing the spark that lit the powder keg known as the Civil War was born in Torrington, Connecticut. The fourth of the eight children, John was born to Owen and Ruth, and he could trace his ancestry all the way back to 17th-century English Puritans. The family moved west to Hudson, Ohio, in 1805, where Owen opened a tannery. Owen soon hired an apprentice, Jesse R. Grant, father of future general and U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant.
Ulysses S. Grant, Civil War hero and 18th President of the United States
Owen became a supporter of the Oberlin Institute (the original name of Oberlin College) in its early stage, although he was ultimately critical of the school’s “Perfectionist” leanings, especially renowned in the preaching and teaching of Charles Finney and Asa Mahan. John withdrew his membership from the Congregational church in the 1840s and he never officially joined another church, but both he and his father Owen were fairly conventional evangelicals for the period with its focus on the pursuit of personal righteousness. John’s personal religion is fairly well documented in the papers of the Rev Clarence Gee, a family expert, now held in the Hudson [Ohio] Library and Historical Society.
John led a relatively quiet life until he heard about the murder of Elijah P. Lovejoy, in 1837. In response to the murder, John publicly vowed: “Here, before God, in the presence of these witnesses, from this time, I consecrate my life to the destruction of slavery! From 1846 to 1850, when he left Springfield, John was a regular parishioner at the Free Church, where he attended frequent abolitionist lectures by the noted
and celebrated abolitionists Sojourner Truth and the dynamic Frederick Douglass. In 1847, after speaking at the “Free Church”, Frederick Douglass spent a night speaking with John, after which he wrote, “From this night spent with John in Springfield, Mass. 1847 while I continued to write and speak against slavery, I became all the same less hopeful for its peaceful abolition. My utterances became more and more tinged by the color of this man’s strong impressions.”
Frederick Douglass, born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey. He was born a slave, but became an Abolitionist, Suffragist, Author, Editor, and Diplomat
Over the next twelve years, all of America came to know John, although not all of America was happy to know him. In particular, the citizens of Pottawatomie, Kansas were not pleased to see him. Nor were the citizens of Harpers Ferry, Virginia, a few years later. Here John had
Robert E. Lee, General CSA, Hero of the Confederacy
the opportunity to meet two future Southern heroes, Col. Robert Edward Lee and Lt. James Ewell Brown Stuart, known to his friends as Jeb, when they came to arrest him for his failed insurrection.
James Ewell Brown “Jeb” Stuart, CSA General
John was hung for this, and his death sparked the War Between the States, and an anthem to victory for one side. Blow out the candles for John “Potowatamie” Brown.
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America has always represented a chance for the common man to remake his future. No matter how low he started, he always had a chance to make himself over into someone more and build his fortune. Some men did this, overcame their lowly start to rise to prominence. Some men started out low, committing crimes of all types and they just sank lower. It depended upon how motivated they were to rise above their flaws and how serious their crimes were.
Horse stealing was a big deal at this time. Stealing a man’s horse was, in some places, a hanging offense. There was many a man who found himself hanging around a local cottonwood tree over such a behavior. Proof of theft was, for many, just being in possession of the recognized stolen animal. Many a man had a promising career cut short because they were caught with a horse with the wrong brand and no bill of sale to account for it. One such man jumped his bail and lit out for new territory after being indicted for horse stealing. He had been charged with it in Arkansas, and knowing he was guilty, he made good his escape to Kansas and tried to start over. As was typical of many men making their way west at that time in our history, this man often found himself working both sides of the law, but generally he stayed on the right side. Of course, he never lost sight of the proverbial brass ring, and he always tried to find his fortune throughout his life, although it always seemed to be just out of the reach of his fingertips. His hunt for his fortune didn’t come cheap, and unfortunately it cost him one brother and another one suffering a life-long injury. But he is today remembered as a stalwart defender of the law, and a dangerous man to cross. At least, that is how history remembers him.
Thanks to the efforts of a name named Stuart Lake and the man’s widow, history remembers him because of his efforts to uphold the law after his false start. He is also remembered for a brief 30 second gunfight in a vacant lot in a silver mine fueled boomtown in southwest Arizona that became national news and is still remembered and celebrated every October. The celebration is called “Helldorado” and the man is named Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp. From horse thief to legendary lawman. That is certainly a successful reinvention.
Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp, frontier marshal, gambler, gunfighter and legend.
Today, in 1880, Martha Ready petitions the city council for permission to build a carriage house at the rear of block 12, on what is now known as Market Street. Martha is well known in Denver, where she is known as a shrewd and successful businesswoman. She was often described as being a very good looking woman, with spirit and a highly competitive nature.
Martha Ready, also known as Mattie Silks, Denver’s most successful Madame
Martha had competition for the affections of Cortese D. Thomson, a local businessman and successful gambler (back then, this was a legitimate business), in the form of another competing businesswoman by the name of Kate Fulton. Legend has it that this conflict led to the only recorded duel between two women sometime in 1881, the legend doesn’t say what day it was.
Why is Martha Ready worthy of mention here? Because Marthy Ready isn’t the name history remembers her by. If tell anyone about Martha Ready, they will likely say, “Who?” But if you ask them if they ever heard of Mattie Silks, you are likely to get a smile and a nod of the head.
Matties Silks was Denver’s most famous and successful Madam from 1877 until 1912. Her well-known and well visited bordello was located at Block 12 on Holladay Street, Denver’s main avenue of prostitution. In 1898, Madam Jennie Rogers opened the House of Mirrors in Denver, and quickly became more successful than any of the competition. Jennie Rogers died in 1909, after which Silks purchased the House of Mirrors for $14,000. She continued to work as a madam, traveled, and invested in real estate, making her a very wealthy woman.
Born in 1846, Mattie Silks was a petite girl with blue eyes. By the age of 18, Mattie Silks was already running a brothel or “maisons de joie” in Springfield, Illinois. From there, Mattie Silks made her way west through Missouri to Colorado opening several brothels and settling in Georgetown, Colorado in 1875. Mattie Silks had several businesses lining Holladay Street (present day Market Street), including Mattie Silks House of Mirrors located at 2009 Market Street. A keen businesswoman, Mattie Silks operated a genteel and well organized establishment. She had a dozen beautiful, well dressed girls. Mattie Silks’ girls were provided a room and 2 meals a day plus full laundry services. The girls purchased their own clothing and they split their profits with Mattie Silks 50/50. Mattie Silks did not tolerate swearing or smoking and all customers were to be treated with the utmost respect.
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Photo courtesy of wikipedia.com
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