Today, April 10, 1865, one day after surrendering his army to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, Confederate General Robert E. Lee addresses his army for the last time, and issues this farewell to his men.
“After four years of arduous service, marked by unsurpassed courage and fortitude, the Army of Northern Virginia has been compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers and resources. I need not tell the brave survivors of so many hard-fought battles, who have remained steadfast to the last, that I have consented to the result from no distrust of them…I determined to avoid the useless sacrifice of those whose past services have endeared them to their countrymen…I bid you an affectionate farewell.”
This closed the book on one of the most remarkable armies in history. The Army of Northern Virginia had fought against long odds for four years and won most of the battles in which it engaged the Union’s Army of the Potomac. Along the way, Lee was idolized by his troops as few military leaders ever have been. The final surrender was a bitter pill for Lee to swallow, but the grace of his final communiqué to his troops exhibited the virtues that made him the single most enduring symbol of the Confederacy.
The signing of the surrender is a historic event that overwhelms everyone. Many of the witnesses want some souvenir from this eventful day. General “Little Phil” Philip Sheridan buys the table the surrender was signed
US General Philip Sheridan
on from the owner of the house, Wilmer McCLean, and he gives to the man he considers his most valuable commander, General George Armstrong Custer. Custer rides home with the table strapped across his
Gen. George Armstrong Custer, hero of the Civil War and victim of the Indian Wars
horse, and gives it to his wife, Libby Custer. Sheridan will be Custer’s best protector from this moment on right up to the last, which will come on June 25, 1876.
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Today, April 9, 1865, it is finally over. Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrenders his remaining
Robert E. Lee, General CSA, Hero of the Confederacy
28,000 troops at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, effectively ending the American Civil War. Finally forced to abandon the Confederate capital of Richmond, and effectively blocked from joining the surviving Confederate force in North Carolina, and harassed constantly by enthusiastic Union cavalry, Lee had no other option.
Lt. General Ulysses S. Grant, USA
For more than a week, Lee had tried to outrun Grant to the west of Richmond and Petersburg in Virginia. After a ten-month siege of the two cities, the Union forces broke through the defenses and forced Lee to retreat. The Confederates moved along the Appomattox River, with Union General Philip Sheridan nipping at their heels all the way south. Lee’s army had little food, and they began to desert in
US General Philip Sheridan
large numbers on the retreat. When Lee arrived at Appomattox, he found that his path was blocked. He had no choice but to request a meeting with Grant. In retreating from the Union army’s Appomattox Campaign, the Army of Northern Virginia had stumbled through the Virginia countryside stripped of food and supplies. At one point, Union cavalry forces under General Philip Sheridan had actually outrun Lee’s army, blocking their retreat and taking 6,000 prisoners at Sayler’s Creek (it was also known as Sailor’s Creek). Desertions were mounting daily, and by April 8 the Confederates were surrounded with no possibility of escape.
On April 9, Lee sent a message to Grant announcing his willingness to surrender. The two generals met in the parlor of the Wilmer McLean home at one o’clock in the afternoon.
They met at a house in Appomattox at 2:00 p.m. on the afternoon of April 9. Lee was resplendent in his dress uniform and a fine sword at his side. Grant arrived wearing a simple soldier’s coat that was muddy from his long ride. The great generals spoke of their service in the Mexican War, and then set about the business at hand. Grant offered generous terms. Officers could keep their side arms, and all men would be immediately released to return home. Any officers and enlisted men who owned horses could take them home, Grant said, to help put crops in the field and carry their families through the next winter. These terms, said Lee, would have “the best possible effect upon the men,” and “will do much toward conciliating our people.” The papers were signed and Lee prepared to return to his men.
Wimer McCLean ca 1860. He tried to run from the war, but it started in his front yard and ended in his parlor.
In one of the great ironies of the war, the surrender took place in the parlor of Wilmer McClean‘s home. McClean had once lived along the banks of Bull Run, Virginia, the site of the first major battle of the war in July 1861. Seeking refuge from the fighting, McClean decided to move out of the Washington-Richmond corridor to try to avoid the fighting that would surely take place there. He moved to Appomattox Court House only to see the war end in his home.
Lee and Grant, both holding the highest rank in their respective armies, had known each other slightly during the Mexican War and exchanged awkward personal inquiries. Characteristically, Grant arrived in his muddy field uniform while Lee had turned out in full dress attire, complete with sash and sword. Lee asked for the terms, and Grant hurriedly wrote them out. All officers and men were to be pardoned, and they would be sent home with their private property–most important, the horses, which could be used for a late spring planting. Officers would keep their side arms, and Lee’s starving men would be given Union rations.
Shushing a band that had begun to play in celebration, General Grant told his officers, “The war is over. The Rebels are our countrymen again.” Although there were still Confederate armies in the field, and scattered resistance contin-ued for several weeks, for all practical purposes the Civil War had come to an end and the war was officially over. Four years of bloodshed had left a devas-tating mark on the country: 360,000 Union and 260,000 Confederate soldiers had perished during the Civil War.
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Elizabeth Bacon “Libby” Custer, wife of George Armstrong Custer
Elizabeth Bacon Custer, a significant chronicler of the West and the devoted wife of George Custer, is born today, in 1842, in Monroe, Michigan.
Elizabeth Custer, or “Libby”, as she was known, is best known today for her decades-long effort to cele-brate her husband’s life and exonerate him for the massacre of the Seventh Cavalry at Little Bighorn in 1876. She was more than her husband’s apologist, however, and today her writings provide a rare fe-male perspective on military life in the West of the mid-19th century.
Talented, intelligent, and beautiful, Elizabeth Custer graduated as valedictorian from the Young Ladies’ Seminary and Collegiate Institute in Monroe, Michigan. Not long after, she met Captain George Custer. After Custer’s bravery (or recklessness, as many called it) in several Civil War battles made him a national hero, Elizabeth’s father accepted Custer as a fit suitor for his daughter’s hand, and the couple were married on February 9, in 1864.
After the war, George Custer remained in the military, often taking his young wife along on many of his assignments around the nation. Long interested in writing, Elizabeth found that her life as an army wife provided her with excellent material. In the summer of 1865, she accompanied Custer and his troops to Hempstead, Texas. Her diaries, recording the often harsh living conditions, later became the basis for her 1887 book, Tenting on the Plains. The book provides a sharp portrait of life on the Texas frontier, and Elizabeth writes with dismay of the violent and often trigger-happy Texans she and her husband encountered. Welcomed into the growing elite planter society of the state, Elizabeth was quite disgusted to discover that some Texans were still trading slaves late in 1865-well after the end of the Civil War.
Gen. George Armstrong Custer
Following her husband’s death at Little Bighorn in 1876, Elizabeth learned that President Ulysses Grant and several other senior officers blamed Custer for the Indian massacre of his battalion of 220 men. Determined to defend Custer from what she believed were malicious attacks, Elizabeth wrote several books recounting the couple’s life on the Plains. In Boots and Saddles (1885) and Following the Guidon (1890), Elizabeth provided a biased portrait of her husband as an exemplary son, a loving husband and father, and a conscientious commanding officer. The books also offered a rare view of the Plains Indian wars from the perspective of a Victorian Era woman. Applying her own cultural standards to Native Americans, Elizabeth believed that Indian braves were exploitative of their wives and deserved to be conquered and removed to reservations.
Sadly, Elizabeth’s opinions of Native Americans reflected and encouraged those of most Americans. Many people who had known her husband, however, did not share her admiring view of him. Reluctant to challenge a devoted widow, many critics remained silent during her lifetime. A year after she died in 1933 at the age of 90, however, the first critical reappraisal of Custer’s career appeared with Frederic Van de Water’s book The Glory Hunter.
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Two days of heavy fighting conclude near Pittsburgh Landing in western Tennessee. The Battle of Shiloh (also known in the South as the Battle Of Pittsburgh Landing) became a Union victory after the Confederate attack stalled on April 6, and fresh Yankee troops drove the Confederates from the field on April 7, 1862.
The Battle of Shiloh began when Union General Ulysses S. Grant brought his army down the Tennessee
Lt. General Ulysses Grant
River to Pittsburgh Landing in an effort to move on Corinth, Mississippi, 20 miles to the southwest. Union occupation of Corinth, a major rail center, would allow the Yankees to control nearly all of western Tennessee. At Corinth, Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston did not wait for Grant to
CSA General Albert Sydney Johnston
attack. He moved his army toward Grant, striking on the morning of April 6. Throughout the day, the Con-federates drove the Yankees back but they could not break the Union lines before darkness halted the advance. Johnston was killed during the first day, when a bullet pierced a major artery in his leg behind his knee and he bled to death in his boot, so General Pierre G. T. Beauregard inherited full
Confederate General Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard
command of the Confederate force.
Now, Grant was joined by the vanguard of Buell’s army. With an advantage in terms of troop num-bers, Grant counterattacked on April 7. The tired Confederates slowly retreated, but they inflicted heavy casualties on the Yankees. By nightfall, the Union had driven the Confederates back to Shiloh Church, recapturing grisly reminders of the previous days’ battle such as the Hornets’ Nest, the Peach Orchard, and Bloody Pond. The Confederates finally limped back to Corinth, thus giving a major victory to Grant.
The cost of the victory was high for the Union. Grant’s and Buell’s forces totaled about 62,000, of which 1,754 were killed, 8,408 were wounded, and 2,885 were captured or missing for a total of 13,047 casual-ties. Of 45,000 Confederates engaged, 1,723 were killed, 8,012 wounded, and 959 missing for a total of 10,694 casualties. The 23,741 casualties were a staggering five times the number at the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861, and they were more than all of the war’s major battles (Bull Run, Wilson’s Creek, Fort Donelson, and Pea Ridge) to that date combined. It was a sobering reminder to all in the Union and the Confederacy that the war would be long and costly. The important issue about these numbers, however, is that the North had an unlimited number of potential soldiers. The South did not. Battles of this degree of loss took a greater toll on the South than they did on the Union.
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One of the most confusing aspects of studying Civil War Battles and engage-ments is the frustrating tendency for a single event to have two names. The most common example is the name of the war itself: In the North, it is often referred to as the “War of The Rebellion”, or “The War For the Union, while the South refers to it as ‘The War Of Northern Aggression”.
The reason for this multiplicity of names is that Northern soldiers were more often than not from cities or urbanized areas, so they were impressed with the geography of the south, the mountains, valleys and streams and abundant rivers. Finding themselves in unfamiliar locations, they named many of their battles after these natural local and distinguishable features. For the Confed-erate soldiers, most of whom were quite familiar with the rural, and natural terrain, towns and buildings were more memorable, and in the south many of the same battles were referred to after the man-made structures they saw around them.
The Civil War explodes in, what was at that time called the west, today in 1862, as armies of Union General Ulysses S. Grant and his adversary, Confederate
Tennessee. The Battle of Shiloh, as it was called in the North, (or the Battle of Pittsburgh Landing, as it was known in the South) became one of the bloodiest engagements of the war, and the level of violence shocked North and South alike.
For six months, Yankee troops had been working their way up the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers. Kentucky was firmly in Union hands, and now the Federals controlled much of Tennessee, including the capital at Nashville. Grant scored major victories at Forts Henry and Donelson in February, forc-ing Johnston to gather the scattered Rebel forces at Corinth in northern Mississippi. Grant brought his army, 42,000 strong, with plans to rendezvous with General Don Carlos Buell and his 20,000 troops. Grant’s objective was to
US General Don Carlos Buell
sieze Corinth, a vital rail center that if captured would give the Union total control of the region. Twenty miles away, Johnston was sitting at Corinth with 45,000 soldiers. Johnston did not wait for Grant and Buell to combine their forces. He advanced on April 3, delayed by rains and muddy roads that also slowed Buell. In the early dawn of April 6, a Yankee patrol found the Confed-erates poised for battle just a mile from the main Union army. Johnston attacked, driving the surprised bluecoats back near a small church called Shiloh, meaning “place of peace.” Throughout the day, the Confederates battered the Union army, driving it back towards Pittsburgh Landing and threatening to trap it against the Tennessee River. Many troops on both sides had no experience in battle. The chances for a complete Confederate victory diminished as troops from Buell’s army began arriving, and Grant’s command on the battlefield shored up the sagging Union line. In the middle of the after-noon, Johnston rode forward to direct the Confederate attack and was struck in the back of the knee by a bullet, severing an artery and causing him to very quickly bleed to death. The ball severed an artery, and Johnston quickly bled to death. He would become the highest ranking general on either side killed during the war. General Pierre G. T. Beauregard assumed control, and he
Confederate General Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard
halted the advance at nightfall. The Union army was driven back two miles, but it did not break. The arrival of additional troops from Buell’s army provided Grant with reinforcements, while the Confederates were worn out from their march. The next day, Grant pushed the Confederates back to Corinth for a major Union victory.
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Today in 1880, outlaw “Dirty” Dave Rudabaugh participates in the murder of Antonio Lino Valdez, the
David “Dirty Dave” Rudabaugh
(This is not a confirmed photo of Dave, I couldn’t get my eyes on a REALLY confirmed one, but this is what my books show him, so if I am wrong, so is everyone else!)
jailer in Las Vegas, New Mexico.
The outlaw career of Dave Rudabaugh began in earnest in Arkansas in the early 1870s. He was part of a band of outlaws who robbed and he participated in cattle rustling along with Milton Yarberry and Mysterious Dave Mather.
David Allen “Mysterious Dave” Mather, gunman, outlaw, lawman
The three were suspected to be involved in the death of a rancher and they fled the state. By some accounts all three went to Decatur, Texas, but other stories claim that Rudabaugh headed to the Black Hills of South Dakota, where he be-came a stagecoach robber. Sometime around 1876, Rudabaugh joined Mike Roarke and Dan Dement to form the outlaw band known as the “Trio.” There is a disputed story from around this time that Rudabaugh taught Doc Holliday to use a pistol while Doc taught him the finer points of playing cards, but there is no recorded confirmation of this story, and Doc is often reported to have held a low opinion of ‘Dirty Dave”, so who knows for sure?
In 1877, Wyatt Earp was tracking the Trio from Dodge City to Fort Griffin,
Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp, frontier marshal, ganbler, gunfighter and legend.
Texas, with the plan of arresting them. He never caught up with them but he did befriend Doc Holliday and Big Nose Kate while in Fort Griffin. The Trio eluded capture and built up their gang to six members, which was then known as the Rudabaugh-Roarke Gang and set about attempting to rob trains. Dave’s gang made their first attempt on a train on January 22, 1878, near Kinsley, Kansas. The robbery was a failure, and the gang came away with no loot. The next day, a posse led by Bat Masterson, including John Joshua Webb, captur-
William Bartholomew “Bat” Masterson, lawman, gambler, shootist
d Rudabaugh and fellow gang member Ed West. The rest of the gang was captured shortly after. Ever the loyal friend, Rudabaugh quickly struck a deal for immunity with the prosecutor and testified against his partners.
The old saying is that it takes a thief to catch a thief. Proving this to be so, shortly following his release, Rudabaugh accepted Masterson’s offer to join a group of gunfighters to fight for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway in the Railroad Wars. During this time he became a close associate of John Joshua Webb, the same John Joshua Webb who had arrested him only a short time before. whom he had met during his earlier arrest. After the railroad wars, he and Webb traveled to the town of Las Vegas, New Mexico, where they became important members of the Dodge City Gang. This gang was a band of ruffians and gamblers who were dominating the political and economic life of the growing community. The leader was Hyman G. Neill (aka Hoodoo Brown). Webb was arrested for murder in the spring of 1880. Dave Rudabaugh and another gang member attempted to break him out of jail on April 5, 1880. The attempt failed, and Rudabaugh shot and killed deputy Antonio Lino Valdez in the process.
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Today, April 4, 1887, is the birthday of one Fleetwood Lindley. Most people in the US have never ever heard of Fleetwood, and he certainly did nothing spectacular with his life, working as a florist for most of it. He was never a hero in any sense of the word, not so far as any one knows, and there is no record of his inventing anything. He may have served in the armed forces, we don’t really know for sure. We do know he was married and had two children, but they were of no consequence to why you should know about Fleetwood, or why he deserves mention here. Fleetwood is being mentioned here for one day in his life, and again for the last day of his life.
Fleetwood Lindley, age 13, (circa 1901)
Fleetwood’s father, Joseph, had served as a Guard of Honor for a funeral 36 year ago. Now he was here again, at the same man’s crypt. The plan was to open it and make sure the deceased was still there. There had been several attempts to steal the body of the deceased and hold it for ransom, and now the son of the deceased wanted to make sure that desecration could never happen for real. The plan was to encase the coffin on a steel cage, and then lower it into a waiting vault, which would then be filled with wet cement. The coffin, and the body of the deceased, would never see the light of day again. But even before this was done, the selected group of twenty-two individuals, of whom Fleetwood was one, would open the coffin – against the wishes of the son of the deceased, by the way – in order to verify that the body WAS still there. Once the coffin was opened and everyone had an opportunity to verify the body was there, and it was who it was supposed to be, it was sealed up once more and lovingly placed back in the vault, the cage built and the cement poured. The coffin was permanently hidden from the eyes of the world for all time.
And Fleetwood Lindley? When Fleetwood passed away, February 1, 1963, he went to his rest knowing that he was the last person in the world to have looked at the face of The Great Emancipator, Abraham Lincoln. And he did that on September 26, 1901, when he was 13 years old.
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Today in 1865, the Rebel capital of Richmond, Virginia, falls to the Union, the most significant sign that the Confederacy is nearing its final days. In fact, there are only six days left.
For ten months, General Ulysses S. Grant had tried unsuccessfully to infiltrate
Lt. General Ulysses S. Grant, USA
the city. After Lee made a desperate attack against Fort Stedman along the Union line on March 25, Grant prepared for a major offensive. He struck at Five Forks on April 1, crushing the end of Lee’s line southwest of Petersburg. On April 2, the Yankees struck all along the Petersburg line, and finally the exhausted Confederates collapsed under the weight of Grant’s extended front.
On the evening of April 2, the Confederate government fled the city with the army right behind. Now, on the morning of April 3, blue-coated troops entered the capital. Richmond was the holy grail of the Union war effort, the object of four years of campaigning. Tens of thousands of Yankee lives were lost trying to get it, and nearly as many Confederate lives lost trying to defend it. Now, the Yankees came to take possession of their prize. One resident, Mary Fontaine, wrote, “I saw them unfurl a tiny flag, and I sank on my knees, and the bitter, bitter tears came in a torrent.” Another observer wrote that as the Federals rode in, the city’s black residents were “completely crazed, they danced and shouted, men hugged each other, and women kissed.” Among the first forces into the capital were black troopers from the 5th Massachusetts Cavalry, and the next day President Abraham Lincoln visited the city. For the residents of Richmond, these were symbols of a world turned upside down. It was, one reporter noted, “…too awful to remember, if it were possible to be erased, but that cannot be.”
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Today, in 1865, Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant finally capture the trenches around Petersburg,
Lt. General Ulysses S. Grant, USA
Virginia, after a dreary ten-month siege and Confederate General Robert E. Lee leads his troops on a desperate retreat westward.
Robert E. Lee, General CSA, Hero of the Confederacy
The ragged Confederate troops could no longer maintain the 40-mile network of defenses that ran from southwest of Petersburg to north of Richmond, the Rebel capital 25 miles north of Petersburg. Through the long winter, desertion and attrition melted Lee’s army down to less than 60,000, while Grant’s army swelled to over 120,000. Grant attacked Five Forks southwest of Petersburg on April 1, scoring a huge victory that cut Lee’s supply line and inflicted 5,000 casualties on the already thin lines. The next day, Lee wrote to Confederate President Jefferson Davis, “I think it absolutely necessary that we should
Jefferson Davis, First and Only President of the CSA
abandon our position tonight…” Davis began to pack the Government files.
Grant’s men attacked all along the Petersburg front. In the predawn hours, hundreds of Federal can-non roared to life as the Yankees bombarded the Rebel fortifications. Said one soldier, “the shells screamed through the air in a semi-circle of flame.” At 5:00 in the morning, Union troops silently crawled toward the Confederates, shrouded in darkness. Confederate pickets alerted the troops, and the Yankees were raked by heavy fire, but the determined troops poured forth and began over-running the trenches. Four thousand Union troops were killed or wounded, but a northern officer wrote, “It was a great relief, a positive lifting of a load of misery to be at last let at them.”
Ambrose Powell Hill, CSA General
Confederate General Ambrose Powell Hill, a corps commander in the Army of Northern Virginia and one of Lee’s most trusted lieutenants, rode to the front to rally his men. As he approached some trees with his aide, two Union soldiers emerged and fired, killing Hill instantly. Hill had survived four years of war and dozens of battles only to die during the final days of the Confederacy. When Lee received the news, he quietly said, “He is at rest now, and we who are left are the ones to suffer.”
By nightfall, President Davis and the Confederate government were in flight and Richmond was on fire. Retreating Rebel troops set ablaze several huge warehouses to prevent them from being captured by the Federals and the fires soon spread. With the army and government officials gone, bands of thugs roamed the streets looting what was left.
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Confederate General Robert E. Lee‘s supply line into Petersburg, Virginia, is closed when Union forces
Robert E. Lee, General CSA, Hero of the Confederacy
under General Ulysses S. Grant collapse the end of Lee’s lines around Petersburg. The Confederates
Lt. General Ulysses S. Grant, USA
suffer heavy casualties, and the battle triggered Lee’s retreat from Petersburg as the two armies began a race that would end a week later at Appomattox Court House.
For nearly a year, Grant had laid siege to Lee’s army in an elaborate network of trenches that ran from Petersburg to the Confederate capital at Richmond, 25 miles north. Lee’s hungry army slowly dwindled through the winter of 1864-65 as Grant’s army swelled with well-fed reinforcements. On March 25, Lee attacked part of the Union trenches at Fort Stedman in a desperate attempt to break the siege and split Grant’s force. When that attack failed, Grant immediately began mobilizing his forces along the entire 40-mile front. Southwest of Petersburg, Grant sent General Philip Sheridan against Lee’s right flank.
US General Philip Sheridan
Sheridan moved forward on March 31, but the tough Confederates halted his advance. Sheridan moved troops to cut the railroad that ran from the southwest into Petersburg, but the focus of the battle became Five Forks, a road intersection that provided the key to Lee’s supply line. General Lee told his commander there, General George Pickett, to “Hold Five Forks at all hazards.” On April 1, Sheridan’s
CSA General George Pickett, sartorial dandy and lowest in his class at West Point,
men slammed into Pickett’s troops. Pickett had his force poorly positioned, and he was taking a long lunch with his staff when the attack occurred. General Gouverneur K. Warren’s V Corps supported
Governeur K. Warren, General USA
Sheridan, and the 27,000 Yankee troops soon crushed Pickett’s command of 10,000. The Union suffered 1,000 casualties, but nearly 5,000 of Pickett’s men were killed, wounded, or captured. During the battle, Sheridan, with the approval of Grant, removed Warren from command despite Warren’s effective deployment of his troops. It appears that a long-simmering feud between the two was the cause, but Warren was not officially cleared of any wrongdoing by a court of inquiry until 1882.
The vital intersection was in Union hands, and Lee’s supply line was cut. Grant now attacked all along the Petersburg-Richmond front and Lee evacuated the cities. The two armies began a race west, but Lee could not outrun Grant. The Confederate leader surrendered at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, on April 9.
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Photo courtesy of wikipedia.com
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